Q: 4.3 — Consensus of Islamic scholars on the sphericity of the Earth

The sphericity of the Earth was a matter of complete consensus among Islamic scholars since the era of translation and scientific flourishing in the Abbasid era:

"Know that they have agreed that the Earth is spherical in shape — and this is indicated by the fact that the sunrise and sunset of the sun, moon, and planets do not occur at the same time for all inhabitants of the Earth's regions, but rather in the East before the West." — Ibn Taymiyyah, Majmu' al-Fatawa, vol. 25, p. 195

"There is no disagreement among scholars that the heavens are like a sphere, as it rotates with all the planets it contains, like a sphere rotating on two fixed poles, and the sphere of the Earth is in the center of the sphere of the heavens like a point in a circle." — Ibn al-Jawzi, al-Tabsira, vol. 2, p. 164

"And the truth, which only an ignorant or self-ignorant person denies, is that what has appeared of it is spherical to the senses, and therefore the times of prayer differ in the countries due to the sphericity of the celestial sphere." — Alusi, Ruh al-Ma'ani, vol. 7, p. 87